Some sources state he was born in Indian Territory.

died 80 CE

died 78 CE

Source: http://www.britannia.com/history/monarchs/mon17.html
With the death of his father Svein Forkbeard, Canute (Knut Sveinsson) with
drew from England to Denmark. There, he gathered his forces, came ba ck to
England in 1015 and took control of virtually the whole country, exc ept for
the city of London. Canute (reigned 1016-35) became undisputed Ki ng of
England, and his rivals (Ethelred's surviving sons and Edmund's so n) fled
abroad. In 1018, the last Danegeld of 82,500 pounds was paid to Ca nute.
Ruthless but capable, Canute consolidated his position by marrying E thelred's
widow Emma (Canute's first English partner - the Church did n ot recognize her
as his wife - was set aside, later appointed regent of No rway). During his
reign, Canute also became King of Denmark and Norway; h is inheritance and
formidable personality combined to make him overlo rd of a huge northern
empire.

During his inevitable absences in Scandinavia, Canute used powerful Engli sh
and Danish earls to assist in England's government - English law and me thods
of government remained unchanged.

A second-generation Christian for reasons of politics as well as faith, Ca
nute went on pilgrimage to Rome in 1027-8. (It was allegedly Christian hum
ility which made him reject his courtiers' flattery by demonstrating th at
even he could not stop the waves; later hostile chroniclers were to cla im it
showed madness.) Canute was buried at Winchester. Given that there w as no
political or governmental unity within his empire, it failed to surv ive his
sons by his two queens (Harold Harefoot (reigned 1035-40) and Hart hacnut
(reigned 1040-42)) and the factions led by the semi-independent Ear ls of
Northumbria, Mercia and Wessex.

Swabia (sw´b) (KEY) , Ger. Schwaben, historic region, mainly in S Baden-Wü
rttemberg and SW Bavaria, SW Germany. It is bounded in the east by Upper B
avaria, in the west by France, and in the south by Switzerland and Austri a.
It includes the former Prussian province of Hohenzollern. The main phys ical
features of Swabia are the Black Forest; the valley of the upper Danu be
River, which rises there; the Swabian Jura, a mountain range that exten ds
parallel to and N of the Danube; and the valley of the upper Neckar Riv er.
The Rhine and Lake Constance (sometimes called the Swabian Sea) form t he
western and southern borders. The easternmost section of Swabia is pa rt of
the Danubian plateau of Bavaria and is a Bavarian province (c.3,9 40 sq
mi/10,205 sq km), with Augsburg as capital.

History
Swabia is rich in history and is a treasury of German architecture. Settl ed
in the 3d cent. by the Germanic Suebi and Alemanni during the great mig
rations, the region was also known as Alamannia until the 11th cent. (T he
Alemannic, or Swabian, dialects of the various regions of Swabia [in i ts
largest sense] remain linguistically closely related.) It became o ne of the
five basic or stem duchies of medieval Germany in the 9th cent ., when it far
exceeded its present boundaries, including also Alsace a nd Switzerland E of
the Reuss River. In 1079 the duchy was bestowed on t he house of Hohenstaufen,
which in 1138 also obtained the imperial title.

On the extinction (1268) of the dynasty, Swabia broke up into small tempor al
and ecclesiastic lordships and lost its political identity. The Swiss p art
became independent in 1291 and the Hapsburg territories in Alsace pass ed to
France in 1648, but Breisgau and the other Hapsburg domains in S Bad en
remained Austrian until 1803–6, except from 1469 to 1477, when they we re
ruled by Charles the Bold of Burgundy. The rest of Swabia was held in l arge
part by the counts (later dukes) of Württemberg, by the margrav es of
Baden-Durlach, by the landgraves of Fürstenberg, by the princes of H
ohenzollern, by the bishops of Strasbourg, Konstanz (Constance), and Augsb
urg, by several powerful abbeys, and by a multitude of petty princes, coun ts,
and knights.

Most of the Swabian municipalities had obtained the status of free imperi al
cities (i.e., virtually independent republics) by 1300. Among them we re
Augsburg, Ulm, Schwäbisch Gmünd, Reutlingen, and Ravensburg. Their weal th,
due mainly to commerce and industry, made them the most powerful eleme nt of
the country, and they made their superior power felt by forming a se ries of
leagues, starting in 1331. The Swabian League of 1376-89 successfu lly opposed
Emperor Charles IV but was eventually defeated by the cou nt of Württemberg.
The most important Swabian League was that of 1488-1534 .

The chief Swabian cities accepted the Reformation in the 16th cent., but t he
countryside has remained divided between Catholics and Protestants to t he
present day. With the commercial revolution of the 15th and 16th cen t. the
Swabian cities temporarily lost most of their importance. (In the 1 9th cent.
some, especially Stuttgart, revived as industrial centers.) Wh en the Holy
Roman Empire was organized in circles in the 16th cent., the S wabian Circle,
similar in extent to the present region, was created. At t he diet of
Regensburg of 1801-3, which acted largely under the influen ce of Napoleon I,
many of the small ecclesiastic and feudal holdings we re taken over by Baden,
Württemberg, and Bavaria.

The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Copyright © 2002 Columbia Univer
sity Press

SOURCE: ENCYCLOPÆDIA BRITANNICA
Byname FREDERICK BARBAROSSA (ITALIAN: REDBEARD) duke of Swabia (as Frederi ck
III, 1147-90) and German king and Holy Roman emperor (1152-90), who cha
llenged papal authority and sought to establish German predominance in wes
tern Europe. He engaged in a long struggle with the cities of northern Ita ly
(1154-83), sending six major expeditions southward. He died while on t he
Third Crusade to the Holy Land.
Early years.

Frederick was the son of Frederick II, duke of Swabia, and Judith, daught er
of Henry IX, duke of Bavaria, of the rival dynasty of the Welfs. Aft er
succeeding his father as duke of Swabia, Frederick was elected German k ing on
March 4, 1152, in Frankfurt, succeeding his uncle, Emperor Conrad I II.
Frederick's contemporaries believed that, because he united in himse lf the
blood of the Welfs and the Hohenstaufen, he would solve the intern al problems
of the kingdom. The announcement of his election, which he se nt to Pope
Eugenius III, made it plain that Frederick I was not ready to r ecognize the
preeminence over the emperors that the popes had won during t he quarrel over
the right of investiture of bishops and abbots. Frederic k, moreover, filled
several vacant episcopal sees, thereby violating the C oncordat of Worms of
1122. Nevertheless, he was to learn that he could n ot prevail against the
papacy as easily as the earlier emperors, Otto I a nd Henry III, had done
because the political balance of the West had chang ed. Under the powerful
emperor Manuel I Comnenus, the Byzantine Empire h ad grown to be a political
factor in the Mediterranean and in Italy. South ern Italy and Sicily were
united in the Norman kingdom of Roger II. The ci ties of the Lombards, which
had been little more than a nuisance to the ea rlier emperors, had now become
invincible.

Frederick started his struggle for the old goal of the predominance of t he
Empire over the European monarchies with great political skill. By n ot
recognizing the treaty of alliance between his predecessor, Conrad II I, and
Manuel I Comnenus of Byzantium against Roger II of Sicily, Frederi ck forced
Pope Eugenius III to sign the Treaty of Constance (1153) with h im because the
Pope was more exposed to pressure from the Norman kingd om to the south as
well as from Arnold of Brescia in Rome. Frederick promi sed not to make peace
with the Roman commune, headed by Arnold (whom he ha nged) or with the Normans
without the agreement of the Pope. He also promi sed not to concede any
Italian land to the Byzantine Emperor and, finall y, to maintain the position
of the papacy (honor papatus). Eugenius II I, on his part, promised that
Frederick would receive the imperial crown a nd that the rights of the empire
would be maintained. When Manuel of Byzan tium offered Frederick a Byzantine
princess as wife and attempted to indu ce him to fight against the Norman
kingdom, Frederick refused. The success or of Eugenius III, Pope Adrian IV,
honoured the Treaty of Constance and c rowned Frederick emperor on June 18,
1155, in Rome.

The German princes refused to give Frederick the support necessary to atta ck
the Sicilian kingdom, which, under Roger's son William I (reigned 1154- 66),
was passing through a crisis. Although Manuel now formed an allegian ce with
the rebellious Norman barons, the city of Genoa, and the Pope, Adr ian still
would not accept the Byzantine offer of help against Willi am I of Sicily.
After William had brought his crisis to an end, he was ab le to force the Pope
to sign the Concordat of Benevento in 1156 by which A drian gave William
Sicily and the Norman principalities on the mainla nd as far north as Naples
and Capua and granted him special rights for t he Sicilian church. This new
treaty was in violation of the Treaty of Cons tance. Cardinal Roland (later
Pope Alexander III) was supposed to expla in the Pope's new policy to the
princes and to the Emperor at the imperi al Diet of Besançon 1157. A letter
from the Pope, which was translat ed in an inflammatory manner by the imperial
chancellor Rainald of Dasse l, caused a critical argument between the papal
delegation and the Germ an princes over whether or not the empire was
dependent upon the papacy. A drian explained later that he meant the word
beneficium, which had caus ed all the trouble, to mean benefit and not fief.

Hohenstaufen
Source: Wikipedia, http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hohenstaufen

Hohenstaufen was a dynasty of Kings of Germany, many of whom were also cro
wned Holy Roman Emperor. The proper name, taken from their castle in Swabi a,
is Staufen.

When the last member of the Salian dynasty, Henry IV, Holy Roman Empero r,
died without an heir there was controversy about the succession. Freder ick
and Conrad, the two current male Staufens, were grandsons of Henry II I, Holy
Roman Emperor and nephews of Henry IV. After the death of the inte rvening
king and emperor Lothar II of Supplinburg, in 1137, Conrad beca me Conrad III
of Germany.

Conrad III 1138-1155
Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor Barbarossa, 1155-1190
Henry V, Holy Roman Emperor, 1191-1197; Henry VI of Germany, 1190-1197
Philip of Swabia, king 1198-1208
Frederick II, king 1208-1250, emperor after 1220
Conrad IV, king 1237-1254 (under his father)
The last Hohenstaufen, Conrad IV, was never crowned emperor. After a 20 ye ar
period the first Habsburg was elected king and emperor.

Judith of Swabia
Source: Wikipedia, http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judith_of_Swabia

Judith (Sophie) of Swabia 1047-1093/1095 was the daughter of Henry II, Ho ly
Roman Emperor and his wife Agnes v. Poitou.

Judith v. Swabia was first married to Kiraly Salomon (v. Hungary) and th en to
Ladislaus I Herman, duke of Poland, the son of Boleslaw III of Polan d.

Source: Wikipedia, http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_of_Swabia

Philip of Swabia (1177-1208), German king and duke of Swabia, the riv al of
the emperor Otto IV, was the fifth and youngest son of the emperor F rederick
I and Beatrix, daughter of Renaud III, count of Upper Burgundy, a nd
consequently brother of the emperor Henry VI. He entered the church, w as made
provost of Aix-la-Chapelle, and in 1190 or 1191 was chosen bish op of
Wurzburg. Having accompanied his brother Henry to Italy in 1191, Phi lip
forsook his ecclesiastical calling, and, travelling again to Italy, w as made
duke of Tuscany in 1195 and received an extensive grant of land s. In 1196 he
became duke of Swabia, on the death of his brother Conrad; a nd in May 1197 he
married Irene, daughter of the eastern emperor, Isaac I I, and widow of Roger
II of Sicily, a lady who is described by Walther v on der Vogelweide as " the
rose without a thorn, the dove without guile."

Philip enjoyed his brother's confidence to a very great extent, and appea rs
to have been designated as guardian of the young Frederick, afterwar ds the
emperor Frederick II, in case of his father's early death. In 11 97 he had set
out to fetch Frederick from Sicily for his coronation wh en he heard of the
emperor's death and returned at once to Germany. He app ears to have desired
to protect the interests of his nephew and to quell t he disorder which arose
on Henry's death, but events were too strong for h im. The hostility to the
kingship of a child was growing, and after Phil ip had been chosen as defender
of the empire during Frederick's minori ty he consented to his own election.
He was elected German king at Muhlhau sen on March 8, 1198, and crowned at
Mainz on the September 8 following.

Meanwhile a number of princes hostile to Philip, under the leadership of A
dolph, archbishop of Cologne, had elected an anti-king in the person of Ot to,
second son of Henry the Lion, duke of Saxony. In the war that followe d,
Philip, who drew his principal support from south Germany, met with con
siderable success. In 1199 he received further accessions to his party a nd
carried the war into his opponent's territory, although unable to obta in the
support of Pope Innocent III, and only feebly assisted by his al ly Philip
Augustus, king of France. The following year was less favourab le to his arms;
and in March 1201 Innocent took the decisive step of placi ng Philip and his
associates under the ban, and began to work energetical ly in favour of Otto.
The two succeeding years were still more unfavourab le to Philip. Otto, aided
by Ottakarl, king of Bohemia, and Hermann I, lan dgrave of Thuringia, drove
him from north Germany, thus compelling h im to seek by abject concessions,
but without success, reconciliation wi th Innocent. The submission to Philip
of Hermann of Thuringia in 1204 mar ks the turning-point of his fortunes, and
he was soon joined by Adol ph of Cologne and Henry I, duke of Brabant.

On January 6, 1205 he was crowned again with great ceremony by Adolph at A
ix-la-Chapelle, though it was not till 1207 that his entry into Cologne pr
actically brought the war to a close. A month or two later Philip was loos ed
from the papal ban, and in March 1208 it seems probable that a treaty w as
concluded by which a nephew of the pope was to marry one of Philip's da
ughters and to receive the disputed dukedom of Tuscany. Philip was prepari ng
to crush the last flicker of the rebellion in Brunswick when he was mur dered
at Bamberg, on June 21, 1208, by Otto of Wittelsbach, count palati ne in
Bavaria, to whom he had refused the hand of one of his daughter s. He left no
sons, but four daughters; one of whom, Beatrix, afterwards m arried his rival,
the emperor Otto IV. Philip was a brave and handsome ma n, and contemporary
writers, among whom was Walther von der Vogelweide, pr aise his mildness and
generosity.


See W. von Giesebrecht, Geschichte der deutschen Kaiserzeit, Bd. V. (Leipz ig,
1888); E. Winkelmann, Philipp von Schwaben und Otto IV. von Braunschwe ig
(Leipzig, 1873-1878); O. Abel, Konig Philipp der Hohenstaufen (Berli n, 1852);
Regesta imperil. V., edited by J. Picker (Innsbruck, 1881); R. S chwemer,
Innocenz III und die deutsche Kirche wahrend des Thronstreites v on 1198-1208
(Strassburg, 1882); and R. Riant, Innocent III, Philippe de S ouabe, et
Boniface de Montferrat (Paris, 1875).

This text is from the 1911 Britannica.

Some sources list her first name as Mary