Alfonso III was "the greatest of the Asturian kings, expanded his domai ns as
far as Coimbra in the southwest and Burgos in the southeast." His su ccessor,
Garcia I (909-914) moved capital from the Asturia Mtns. to Leo n. Alfonso
reigned 866-910. {-ref.: Encycl.Brit., 1956 ed.; 21:117.}

Alphonso reigned 739-57 as the first regular ruler of the nascent kingd on of
Asturias.
He is son of Pedro, Duke of Cantabria, a Christian leader.  Alphonso's mar
riage with Ermesinda
united Cantabria and Asturias under his rule when Fafila, Ermesinda's brot
her, was killed by a
bear in 739.  Alphonso began the first counteroffensive against the Musli ms -
while they were
engaged in a civil war between Arabs and Berbers after 740, and during t he
great famine of
748-753.
- - - - -
From: Bryant Smith [skip1@@ix.netcom.com] 11 Oct 1998:  "I decided your tr ee
was most
probably mostly correct in a long morning of study.  Here's why:
"I   Tompsett's Directory [etc.] is wrong in at least two regards, at leas t
if my Encyclopedia Britannica is right.  It sets forth two key facts:
     A.  Aurelio was a "brother or cousin" of Fruela son of Alfonso I.
     Tompsett satisfies this requirement by making Aurelio the son of Frue la
of
     Cantabria (son of Pedro), and Pedro the father of Alfonso I;  hence m
aking
     Pedro the grandfather of both Aurelio and Fruela of Asturias. However ,
     B. Silon was a brother-in-law of Aurelio.
     Tompsett's own database shows that Silon m. Adosinda, dau of Alfon so I. 
So
     (unless Silon had a sister who m. Aurelio, of which there is no indic
ation)
     Aurelio must be a brother of Adosinda, and therefore a son of Alfon so I
not
     of Fruela of Cantabria.
"II. I think however that your identification of "Vimaranus" as the wi fe of
Aurelius is
mistaken.  E.B. sheds no light on the issue, but Tompsett's database sho ws a
Vimerano son of
Alfonso I.  I suggest that "Vimeranus" (the gender of the word is wrong f or a
daughter) was
brother not wife of Aurelius.  It doesn't make a difference genealogicall y,
but it adds
interest to the mystery of the mediaeval murders.
"III.  Fruela of Asturias died 768, "murdered by his brother" [E.B.]: Whi ch
brother?
Vimarano died in 767, "murdered" [Tompsett]:  By whom?  Were both Fruela a nd
Vimarano
murdered, or does Tompsett have it wrong?  If Tompsett is right and Vimara no
was Fruela's
brother, and if my  logic above is sound and Aurelio was also Fruela's bro
ther, and Fruela and
Vimarano were both murdered, then the brother who murdered Fruela was eith er
Vimarano or
Aurelio (unless there are missing brothers! {e.g. Bermundo?}); and if Vima
rano was murdered
after Fruela, the murderer of Vimarano may well have been Aurelio.  E.B. d oes
not mention
Vimarano, nor does it
identify any brother of Fruela except possibly Aurelio [as "brother or cou
sin"].  I infer that
if Aurelio had murdered Fruela then E.B. (a) would not be in doubt over Au
relio's relationship
to Fruela and (b) would have named Aurelio as Fruela's murderer.  Erg o, I
infer that the
murderer-brother of Fruela was Vimarano.
"IV.  Was Aurelio the father of Bermundo I?  Very interesting in this rega rd
is your note on
Aurelius, citing Lomax indicating Aurelio was brother rather than fath er of
Bermudo and
leaving open whether their father was Fruela son of Pedro, or Alfonso {s on of
Pedro}.
Tompsett does make them brothers, but sons of Fruela son of Pedro.  But To
mpsett is wrong, at
least as to Aurelio (vide supra), as to their paternity.  So Lomax' positi on
boils down to
this, that Bermudo was either a son, or a grandson, of Alfonso I.  E.B. su
pports this
vagueness by referring to Bermudo as a "descendant of Alphonso I."  And t he
available dates
leave sufficient room for doubt, but I see no good reason for giving Aurel io
another brother
and muddying the murder mystery!
"V.  Your note on Alphonso I refers to the Fafila who was killed by a be ar as
Ermesinda's
brother but E.B. says he was Pelayo's brother (Ermesinda's uncle).   Al so see
the genealogical chart for this family at (1/99):
http://homepage.esoterica.pt/~edvasc/medieval/gen5.html

From Encarta:
Spanish kings. Alfonso I (the Catholic), 693?-757, Spanish king of ASTURI AS
(739-57), extended its territory with the help of the BERBERS' revolt (
740-41) against the MOORS. His grandson, Alfonso II (the Chaste), 759-84 2,
king of Asturias (791-842), established his capital at Oviedo and conti nued
the struggle against the Moors. Alfonso III (the Great), 838?-911?, k ing of
Asturias (866-911?) recovered LEóN from the Moors, but after his fo rced
abdication it was divided among his sons. Alfonso V (the Noble), 994? -1027,
king of León (999-1027), chartered (1020) the city of León, b ut he was killed
in the siege of Viseu. Alfonso VI, 1030-1109, king of Le ón (1065-1109) and
CASTILE (1072-1109), took Galicia (1073) and became t he most powerful
Christian ruler in Spain. He conquered (1085) Toledo a nd other cities, but
was defeated twice (1086, 1108) by Muslim armies. Alf onso VII (the Emperor),
1104-57, king of Castile and León (1126-57), gain ed supremacy over other
Christian states and had himself crowned emperor ( 1135). But his conquests of
CóRDOBA (1146) and Almería (1147) from the Moo rs were soon lost. Alfonso VIII
(the Noble), 1155-1214, king of Castile (1 158-1214), restored order in his
kingdom and won a great victory (1212) ov er the Moors. Alfonso X (the Wise),
1221-84, king of Castile and León (125 2-84), took CáDIZ from the Moors
(1262). His subjection of the nobles l ed to a revolt, and a civil war broke
out over the succession during his l ast years. He was a great patron of
science and the arts. The Alfonsine Ta bles of astronomical data were
published under his aegis. Alfonso XI, 1311 -50, king of Castile and León
(1312-50), lost Gibraltar to the Moors (133 3) but won the great victory of
Tarifa (1340) and conquered Algeciras (134 4). Alfonso XII, 1857-85, king of
Spain (1874-85), was a popular monarch w ho consolidated the monarchy,
suppressed republican agitation, and restor ed order. Alfonso XIII, 1886-1941,
king of Spain (1886-1931), supported t he military dictatorship (1923-30) of
Miguel PRIMO DE RIVERA, but social u nrest and a republican election victory
led to his deposition and exile (1 931).

Bermundo defeated the Moors at the Battle of Ledos. He is called "the Deac on."
For this familty, see the large genealogical chart at (1/99): http://
homepage.esoterica.pt/~edvasc/medieval/gen5.html

Pelagcius was also King of Oviedo and Leon. Actually, he was a Visigoth ic
tribal leader and a Christian, leading rebellion against the Ummayad Ar abs
who occupied the Iberian peninsula. He was exiled from Toledo by Ki ng Witiza
and later joined King Roderick's bodyguard. The Muslim rul er of Asturias,
Munuza, married Pelagcius' sister and sent Pelagci us as a hostage to Cordoba.
He escaped, and was elected leader by the Chri stian Asturians, Visigoths and
others who were fugitives from the south. T he rebellion established its
capital at Cangas de Onis. {-"The Reconque st of Spain," Derek W. Lomax (N.Y.:
Longman, 1978, pp. 25-6.}

Atahobia or Itobiah's* name is known from research papers of the late Cec il
Lee Pinkston-Vinson (a descendant of Atahobia through his daughter Marg aret
McCoy-Thompson) per her interview* with her grandfather Martin L. Tho mpson on
March 14, 1934. No independent verification is yet known. He is a lso most
likely the same person as Atahobia who signed among the Chiefs a nd Warriors
of the Choctaws on the Treaty of Doak's Stand in 1820 and Atto bah listed with
"Good" credit at the Choctaw Trading House (see below). T he former was four
years and the latter two years, before the Yowani Choct aws (Yguanes)
petitioned the Mexican governor of Texas for permission to s ettle in the
province. The Yowani Community in eastern Mississippi was loc ated east of the
Chickasawhay River near present day Shubuta, Clarke Count y, Mississippi,
across the current state line from Choctaw County, Alabam a. In Texas the
villages prior to 1837 were located east of the Trinity Ri ver in what was
then Nacogdoches County, west of the U.S. (Louisiana) Bord er (Correspondence
Between General Manuel Mier y Terán and Texas 1828-1832 ). After 1837 the
villages were combined to form a single village on Attoy ac Bayou in extreme
southeastern Rusk County. By 1844, following the Trea ty of Birds Fort, there
were two villages, one near the Cherokees under t he leadership of Chicken
Trotter, in what would become the Mt. Tabor/Bellv iew Communities in Rusk
County and the second under the leadership of Woo dy Jones (grandson of
Nashoba), located in Houston County near the bord er with Trinity County. The
southern village dwindled to only a few indivi duals until 1881, when John
Martin Thompson opened mills in Trinity and An gelina counties near Woodlake
and Diboll, thereby bringing a large numb er of Choctaws along with some
Cherokees (Thompson's & Starr's) and Cree ks (Berryhill's & Posey's) into the
area. (Stephen F. Austin State Univers ity-Thompson Collection)

Additional note: The village at Bayou Chicot in Louisiana was possibly aff
iliated with Pushmataha and very hostlie to the Caddo tribe of whom they w
arred against (Natsoos & Nassonites bands of Caddo's). The Yowani (Yguan es in
Spanish), were at peace historically with the Hasinai Caddo's (a sou thern
branch of the Caddo Confederacy), so much so the Mooney listed th em as a part
of the Caddo Confederacy in Texas (Revised 1896 list. Also s ee Texas Indian
Papers 1837 regarding Yowani-Hasinai relations.). The Yowa ni were known in
Texas to support Choctaws from Okla Falaya which was le ad by  Apukshunnubbee
and opposed to Pushmataha and the Okla Hunnali town s. The Yowani were also
known to inhabit lands well to the south of the Ba you Chicot area, attaching
themselves to the Coushatta as well as the Cadd o. The great Coushatta Chief
Red Shoes was believed to have been half Yowa ni Choctaw and half Koasati
(Coushatta) the son of a Choctaw, possib ly by the same name, and Sehoy of the
Wind Clan of the Koasati. Several Yo wani's accompanied Red Shoes from Texas
back into Louisiana were a ba nd of that nation remain today. To add to this
Dr. Irv May (Texas A&M Univ ersity) believed that Itobiah was the half brother
of Red Shoes. Howeve r, no data was published by him prior to his death to
support that assumpt ion.

Note data on Choctaw Civil War (pro-French vs. pro-English faction):
For the devastating Choctaw civil war of 1747-1750 there is a growing bo dy of
scholarship. This conflict saw the Choctaws divided between French a nd
English factions. The Okla Falaya towns sided with the English, the Ok la
Tanap towns sided with the French, the Okla Hunnali towns were about eq ually
divided, and the small Okla Chito division, in the center, was appar ently
caught between the warring factions and exterminated. These events s parked a
remarkable amount of publishing in the 18th century by people dir ectly
involved, notably James Adair, the English trader among the Chickasa ws
(HISTORY OF THE INDIANS, 1776)

Lawrence Henry Gipson's ch 4 in his vol 4 of his multi-volume study of t he
colonial conflict between France and England in North America, publish ed in
1939. Gipson is one of the few people to take a close look at the Ch octaw
civil war who was thoroughly acquainted with primary materials in bo th French
and English archives; many scholars have doubted James Adair's t
rustworthiness because he clearly had a lot of axes to grind and was finan
cially interested in the events, but Gipson says he can find no instance a
nywhere in the record of Adair telling anything but the truth (for the thi ngs
that Adair said which can be verified from other sources); scholars ou ght to
take a closer look at Adair. Regrettably, Charles Paape's 1946 diss ertation
on the Choctaw civil war, titled "The Choctaw Revolt," at the Uni versity of
Illinois/Urbana, remains unpublished.

TREATY WITH THE CHOCTAW -- 1820

A treaty of friendship, limits, and accommodation, between the United Stat es
of America and the Choctaw nation of Indians, begun and concluded at t he
Treaty Ground, in said nation, near Doak's Stand, on the Natchez Road.

PREAMBLE. WHEREAS it is an important object with the President of the Unit ed
States, to promote the civilization of the Choctaw Indians, by the esta
blishment of schools amongst them; and to perpetuate them as a natio n, by
exchanging, for a small part of their land here, a country beyond t he
Mississippi River, where all, who live by hunting and will not work, m ay be
collected and settled together.And whereas it is desirable to the st ate of
Mississippi, to obtain a small part of the land belonging to said n ation; for
the mutual accommodation of the parties, and for securing the h appiness and
protection of the whole Choctaw nation, as well as preservi ng that harmony
and friendship which so happily subsists between them a nd the United States,
James Monroe, President of the United States of Amer ica, by Andrew Jackson,
of the State of Tennessee, Major General in the Ar my of the United States,
and General Thomas Hinds, of the State of Mississ ippi, Commissioners
Plenipotentiary of the United States, on the one par t, and the Mingoes, Head
Men, and Warriors, of the Choctaw nation, in fu ll Council assembled, on the
other part, have freely and voluntarily enter ed into the following articles,
viz:

ARTICLE 1. To enable the President of the United States to carry into effe ct
the above grand and humane objects, the Mingoes, Head Men, and Warrior s, of
the Choctaw nation, in full council assembled, in behalf of themselv es and
the said nation, do, by these presents, cede to the United Stat es of America,
all the land lying and being within the boundaries followin g, to
wit:Beginning on the Choctaw boundary, East of Pearl River, at a poi nt due
South of the White Oak spring, on the old Indian path; thence nor th to said
spring; thence northwardly to a black oak, standing on the Natc hez road,
about forty poles eastwardly from Doake's fence, marked A. J a nd blazed, with
two large pines and a black oak standing near thereto, a nd marked as
pointers; thence a straight line to the head of Black Cree k, or Bouge Loosa;
thence down Black Creek or Bouge Loosa to a small Lak e; thence a direct
course, so as to strike the Mississippi one mile bel ow the mouth of the
Arkansas River; thence down the Mississippi to our bou ndary; thence around
and along the same to the beginning.

ARTICLE 2. For and in consideration of the foregoing cession, on the pa rt of
the Choctaw nation, and in part satisfaction for the same, the Commi ssioners
of the United States, in behalf of said States, do hereby ce de to said
nation, a tract of country west of the Mississippi River, situa te between the
Arkansas and Red River, and bounded as follows:-Beginni ng on the Arkansas
River, where the lower boundary line of the Cherokees s trikes the same;
thence up the Arkansas to the Canadian Fork, and up the s ame to its source;
thence due South to the Red River; thence down Red Rive r, three miles below
the mouth of Little River, which empties itself in to Red River on the north
side; thence a direct line to the beginning.

ARTICLE 3. To prevent any dispute upon the subject of the boundaries menti
oned in the 1st and 2d articles, it is hereby stipulated between the parti es,
that the same shall be ascertained and distinctly marked by a Commissi oner,
or Commissioners, to be appointed by the United States, accompani ed by such
person as the Choctaw nation may select; said nation having thi rty days
previous notice of the time and place at which the operation wi ll commence.
The person so chosen by the Choctaws, shall act as a pil ot or guide, for
which the United States will pay him two dollars per da y, whilst actually
engaged in the performance of that duty.

ARTICLE 4. The boundaries hereby established between the Choctaw Indians a nd
the United States, on this side of the Mississippi river, shall rema in
without alteration until the period at which said nation shall beco me so
civilized and enlightened as to be made citizens of the United State s, and
Congress shall lay off a limited parcel of land for the benef it of each
family or individual in the nation.

ARTICLE 5. For the purpose of aiding and assisting the poor Indians, who w ish
to remove to the country hereby ceded on the part of the United State s, and
to enable them to do well and support their families, the Commissio ners of
the United States engage, in behalf of said States, to give to ea ch warrior a
blanket, kettle, rifle gun, bullet moulds and nippers, and am munition
sufficient for hunting and defence, for one year. Said warrior sh all also be
supplied with corn to support him and his family, for the sa me period, and
whilst traveling to the country above ceded to the Choct aw nation.

ARTICLE 6. The Commissioners of the United States further covenant and agr ee,
on the part of said States, that an agent shall be appointed, in due t ime,
for the benefit of the Choctaw Indians who may be permanently settl ed in the
country ceded to them beyond the Mississippi river, and, at a co nvenient
period, a factor shall be sent there with goods, to supply the ir wants. A
Blacksmith shall also be settled amongst them, at a point mo st convenient to
the population; and a faithful person appointed, whose du ty it shall be to
use every reasonable exertion to collect all the wanderi ng Indians belonging
to the Choctaw nation, upon the land hereby provid ed for their permanent
settlement.

ARTICLE 7. Out of the lands ceded by the Choctaw nation to the United Stat es,
the Commissioners aforesaid, in behalf of said States, further covena nt and
agree, that fifty-four sections of one mile square shall be laid o ut in good
land, by the President of the United States, and sold, for t he purpose of
raising a fund, to be applied to the support of the Choct aw schools, on both
sides of the Mississippi river. Three-fourths of sa id fund shall be
appropriated for the benefit of the schools here; and t he remaining fourth
for the establishment of one or more beyond the Missis sippi; the whole to be
placed in the hands of the President of the Unit ed States, and to be applied
by him, expressly and exclusively, to this va luable object.

ARTICLE 8. To remove any discontent which may have arisen in the Choctaw N
ation, in consequence of six thousand dollars of their annuity having be en
appropriated annually, for sixteen years, by some of the chiefs, for t he
support of their schools, the Commissioners of the United States obli ge
themselves, on the part of said States, to set apart an additional tra ct of
good land, for raising a fund equal to that given by the said chief s, so that
the whole of the annuity may remain in the nation, and be divid ed amongst
them. And in order that exact justice may be done to the poor a nd distressed
of said nation, it shall be the duty of the agent to see th at the wants of
every deaf, dumb, blind, and distressed, Indian, sha ll be first supplied out
of said annuity, and the balance equally distribu ted amongst every individual
of said nation.

ARTICLE 9. All those who have separate settlements, and fall within the li
mits of the land ceded by the Choctaw nation to the United States, and w ho
desire to remain where they now reside, shall be secured in a tra ct or parcel
of land one mile square, to include their improvements. Any o ne who prefers
removing, if he does so within one year from the date of th is treaty, shall
be paid their full value, to be ascertained by two person s, to be appointed
by the President of the United States.

ARTICLE 10. As there are some who have valuable buildings on the roads a nd
elsewhere upon the lands hereby ceded, should they remove, it is furth er
agreed by the aforesaid Commissioners, in behalf of the United State s, that
the inconvenience of doing so shall be considered, and such allowa nce made as
will amount to an equivalent. For this purpose, there sha ll be paid to the
Mingo, Puckshenubbee, five hundred dollars; to Harriso n, two hundred dollars;
to Captain Cobb, two hundred dollars; to William H ays, two hundred dollars;
to O'Gleno, two hundred dollars; and to all othe rs who have comfortable
houses, a compensation in the same proportion.

ARTICLE 11. It is also provided by the Commissioners of the United State s,
and they agree in behalf of said states, that those Choctaw Chiefs a nd
Warriors, who have not received compensation for their services duri ng the
campaign to Pensacola, in the late war, shall be paid whatever is d ue them
over and above the value of the blanket, shirt, flap, and leggin s, which have
been delivered to them.

ARTICLE 12. In order to promote industry and sobriety amongst all class es of
the Red people, in this nation, but particularly the poor, it is fur ther
provided by the parties, that the agent appointed to reside here, sha ll be,
and he is hereby, vested with full power to seize and confiscate a ll the
whiskey which may be introduced into said nation, except that us ed at public
stands, or brought in by the permit of the agent, or the prin cipal Chiefs of
the three Districts.

ARTICLE 13. To enable the Mingoes, Chiefs, and Head Men of the Choctaw nat
ion, to raise and organize a corps of Light-Horse, consisting of ten in ea ch
District, so that good order, may be maintained, and that all men, bo th white
and red, may be compelled to pay their just debts, it is stipulat ed and
agreed, that the sum of two hundred dollars shall be appropriat ed by the
United States, for each district, annually, and placed in the ha nds of the
agent, to pay the expenses incurred in raising and establishi ng said corps;
which is to act as executive officers, in maintaining go od order, and
compelling bad men to remove from the nation, who are not au thorized to live
in it by a regular permit from the agent.

ARTICLE 14. Whereas the father of the beloved Chief Mushulatubbee, of t he
Lower Towns, for and during his life, did receive from the United Stat es the
sum of one hundred and fifty dollars, annually; it is hereby stipul ated, that
his son and successor Mushulatubbee, shall annually be paid t he same amount
during his natural life, to commence from the ratificati on of this Treaty.

ARTICLE 15. The peace and harmony subsisting between the Choctaw Nati on of
Indians and the United States, are hereby renewed, continued, and de clared to
be perpetual.

ARTICLE 16. These articles shall take effect, and become obligatory on t he
contracting parties, so soon as the same shall be ratified by the Presi dent,
by and with the advice and consent of the Senate of the United State s.

In testimony whereof, the commissioners plenipotentiary of the United Stat es
and the Mingoes, head men, and warriors, of the Choctaw nation, have he reunto
subscribed their names and affixed their seals, at the place abo ve written,
this eighteenth day of October, in the year of our Lord one th ousand eight
hundred and twenty, and of the independence of the United Sta tes the
forty-fifth.

Commissioners, Andrew Jackson,Thomas Hinds

Medal Mingoes: Puckshenubbee, his x mark, Pooshawattaha, his x mark, Mushu
latubbee, his x mark,

Chiefs and warriors: General Humming Bird, his x mark, James Hanizon, h is x
mark, Talking Warrior, his x mark, Little Leader, his x mark, Capta in Bob
Cole, his x mark, Red Fort, or Oolatahooma, his x mark, Choctawisto nocka, his
x mark, Oglano, his x mark, Chuleta, his x mark, John Frazie r, his x mark,
Oakchunhmia, his x mark, Nockestona, his x mark, Chapahoom a, his x mark,
Onanchahabee, his x mark, Copatanathoco, his x mark, Atahob ia, his x mark,
Opehoola, his x mark, Chetantanchahubbee, his x mark, Capt ain Lapala, his x
mark, Panchahabbee, his x mark, Chuckahicka, his x mar k, Tallahomia, his x
mark, Totapia, his x mark, Hocktanlubbee, his x mar k, Tapawanchahubbee, his x
mark, Capt. Red Bird, his x mark, Capt. Jerry C arhey, his x mark,
Chapanchahabbee, his x mark, Tunnupnuia, his x mark, Po nhoopia, his x mark,
Ticbehacubbee, his x mark, Suttacanchihubbee, his x m ark, Capt. William
Beams, his x mark, Captain James Pitchlynn, Capt. Jam es Garland, his x mark,
Tapanahomia, his x mark, Thlahomia, his x mark, Ti shotata, his x mark,
Inoquia, his x mark, Ultetoncubbee, his x mark, Paloc hubbee, his x mark,
Jopannu, his x mark, Captain Joel H. Vail, Tapanastona hamia, his x mark,
Hoopihomia, his x mark, Chelutahomia, his x mark, Tuski amingo, his x mark,
Young Captain, his x mark,

Chiefs and warriors: Hakatubbee, his x mark, Tishoo, his x mark, Capt. Bob b,
his x mark, Hopeanchahabee, his x mark, Capt. Bradley, his x mark, Cap t.
Daniel M'Curtain, his x mark, Mucklisahopia, his x mark, Nuckpullachubb ee,
his x mark, George Turnbull, Captain Thomas M'Curtain, his x mark, Oak
ehonahooma, his x mark, Capt. John Cairns, his x mark, Topenastonahooma, h is
x mark, Holatohamia, his x mark, Col. Boyer, his x mark, Holantachansha
hubbee, his x mark, Chuckahabbee, his x mark, Washaschahopia, his x mar k,
Chatamakaha, his x mark, Hapeahomia, his x mark, William Hay, his x mar k,
Captain Samuel Cobb, his x mark, Lewis Brashears, his x mark, Muckeleha mia,
his x mark, Capt. Sam. Magee, his x mark, Ticbehamia, his x mark, Doc tor Red
Bird, his x mark, Oontoola, his x mark, Pooshoushabbee, his x mar k, Casania,
his x mark, Joseph Nelson, his x mark, Unahubbee, his x mar k, Red Duck, his x
mark, Muttahubbee, his x mark, Capt. Ihokahatubbee, h is x mark, Alex.
Hamilton, Capt. Red Knife, his x mark, Shapahroma, h is x mark, Capt.
Tonnanpoocha, his x mark, Mechamiabbee, his x mark, Tuska nohamia, his x mark,
Tookatubbetusea, his x mark, William Frye, his x mar k, Greenwood Leftore, his
x mark, Archibald McGee, his x mark, Capt. Ben B urris, his x mark,
Tusconohicca, his x mark, Capt. Lewis Perry, his x mar k, Henekachubbee, his x
mark, Tussashamia, his x mark, Capt. Charles Duran t, his x mark, Plate
Durant, his x mark

Witnesses present at sealing and signing: Saml. R. Overton, secretary to t he
commission, Eden Brashears, J. C. Bronaugh, assistant surgeon-genera l, S. D.,
U. S. Army, H. D. Downs, Wm. F. Cangent,
Wm. M. Graham, first lieutenat, Corps of Artillery, Andrew J. Donelson, br
evet second lieutenant Corps of Engineers and aid-de-camp to General Jacks on,
P. A. Vandorn, John H. Esty, John Pitchlynn, United States interprete r, M.
Mackey, United States interpreter, Edmund Folsome, interpreter, X, J ames
Hughes, Geo. Fisher, Jas. Jackson, jr.

Note for reference: Indian Pioneer History Project for Oklahoma, Septemb er
20, 1937 of Mr. E. H. Scrivner "The full blood Choctaw men usually h ad seven
or eight wives".

The First Choctaw Trading House was located at a place the Spanish nam ed in
honor of of the Spanish Governor of W. Florida, Estevan Miro. The tr ading
house was moved in the year 1815 inside the Choctaw Nation confine s, near a
place called James Springs, which had belonged to Adam James. Ac cording to
the records, Mr. Adam James was paid the sum of $120.00 for t he land.
DEBTS DUE THE UNITED STATES FROM THE CHOCTAW TRADING HOUSE
OCTOBER 1, 1822
Below you find the names, and the "credit rating" of the persons name ment
ioned who owed money at The Choctaw Trading House.

NAME            AMNT OWED           CREDIT RATING

ADAM JAMES          597.00                   NOT GOOD
CHOCTAW AGENCY 513.35                   GOOD

ATTOBAH                       50.68                    GOOD

SAMUEL MCGEE             7.25                DOUBTFUL
GEN'L HUMMINGBIRD        78.49                    DOUBTFUL
JOSEPH C. PITCHLYNN      568.63                   GOOD
ISAAC JAMES              30.66                    GOOD
CAPT. TOCKLEY            20.43                    GOOD
RED BIRD            102.50                   DOUBTFUL
YOUNG KING               43.41                    DEAD
JOHN HALL           40.86                    NOT KNOWN
GEORGE JAMES             139.66                   DOUBTFUL
CHARLES JUZANG           413.00                   GOOD
WILLIAM STARNS           8.13                GOOD
ROBERT SORRELS           111.54                   DEAD

SAMUEL JONES             23.28                    GOOD

FISH                          22.48                    NOT GOOD
JOHN FORBES              40.54                    NOT GOOD
LOO OCHA            26.25                    NOT GOOD

WILLIAM RIDDLE           252.15                   DOUBTFUL

JAMES PITCHLYNN               70.25                    DOUBTFUL

Additional Note:
Atahobia may have had one additional daughter by Sally that died while sti ll
in Mississippi. See sworn affidavit, September 2, 1899 of Dave McC oy (a
former slave of Judge James McCoy) before the Commission to the Fi ve
Civilized Tribes, Atoka, Indian Territory, regarding the enrollme nt of W.C.
Thompson. THe individual being sworn and examined by Com'r McKe nnon and
Choctaw Com'r Lewis. The document typed by William E. Earle.

Athalaric (516-534), king of the Ostrogoths, grandson of Theodoric, beca me
king of the Ostrogoths in Italy on his grand-father's death (526).

As he was only ten years old, the regency was assumed by his mother Amalas
untha. His mother attempted to provide for him an education in the Roman t
radition, but the Gothic nobles pressured her to allow them to raise h im as
they saw fit. As a result, he drank heavily and indulged in vicio us excesses,
which ruined his constitution. He died on October 2, 534

Queen Margaret - spent much of her time and money on works of charity, her self
attending on the poor, the aged, the orphans and the sick. She superv ised the
making of vestments and fine things for the church. She was an ad mirable
mother. She solved the problem facing the church in the Scotla nd of her day.
Cut off by pagan invasion, the Celtic church had come to di ffer on points of
procedure with Rome, and it was Margaret's personal achi evement to reconcile
the conflicting elements by bringing the Celtic chur ch in Scotland back to
conformity. This she did in such a way as to avo id schism or bitterness.

Similarly, her efforts to introduce European culture into Scotland were ma
rkedly successful. Whereas in England the Norman Conquest left a lega cy of
bitterness, the comparatively peaceful infusion of medieval cultu re into
Scotland under Margaret and her sons was effected in such a mann er as to
bring a veritable golden age to Scotland, that lasted for two hun dred years
after Margaret's death. She died in Edinburgh Castle, and die d, like so many
saints, at a time when all that she had worked for seem ed lost; her husband
was killed in battle and rebel forces were attacki ng Edinburgh. But three of
her sons succeeding to the throne in turn, the ir mother's work was reinforced
and brought to fullness.

Athribis or Athlibis, was the Greek name for two cities of ancient Egypt: this
article concerns the chief town of the Athribite or Tenth nome, in Lower
Egypt. The ancient city of Hut-Repyt in Upper Egypt, also called Athribis by
the Greeks, is discussed at Athribis (Upper Egypt).

A small hill, Tell Atrib, at Banha, north of Cairo now marks its former site,
northeast of the modern town of Banha Athribis stood upon the eastern bank of
the Tanitic branch of the Nile, now silted up, near the angle where that
branch diverges from the main stream. Ammianus Marcellinus reckons Athribis
among the most considerable cities of the Nile Delta, in the fourth century AD
(xxii. 16.6). It seems to have been of sufficient importance to give the name
Athribiticus Fluvius to the upper portion of the Tanitic arm of the Nile.
Athribis was one of the military nomes assigned to the Calasirian militia
under the Pharaohs. Under the Christian Emperors, Athribis belonged to the
province of Augustamnica Secunda.

The Athribite nome and its capital derived their name from the goddess
Thriphis, whom inscriptions both at Athribis and Panopolis denominate the most
great goddess. Thriphis is associated in worship with Amun Khem, one of the
first quaternion of deities in Egyptian mythology; but no representation of
her has been at present identified. John Gardner Wilkinson[2] supposes
Athribis to have been one of the lion-headed goddesses, whose special names
have not been ascertained.

The ruins of Atrib (Atrieb or Trieb), at the point where the modern canal of
Moueys turns off from the Nile, represent the ancient Athribis. Annual
flooding of the Nile until modern times helped reduce them to extensive mounds
and basements, besides which are the remains of a temple, 200 feet long, and
175 broad, dedicated to the goddess Thriphis (Coptic: Athrébi). Most of the
structures here can be associated with the 25th through 30th Dynasties. There
is also an extensive Greek and Roman necropolis.

The monks of the White Monastery, about half a mile to the north of these
ruins, are traditionally acquainted with the name of Attrib, although their
usual designation of these ruins is Medeenet Ashaysh. An inscription on one of
the fallen architraves of the temple bears the date of the ninth year of
Tiberius, and contains also the name of his wife Julia, the daughter of
Augustus. On the opposite face of the same block are found ovals, including
the names of Tiberius Claudius and Caesar Germanicus: and in another part of
the temple is an oval of Ptolemy XII, the eldest son of Ptolemy Auletes (51-48
BC). About half a mile from Athribis are the quarries from which the stone
used in building the temple was brought; and below the quarries are some small
grotto tombs, the lintels of whose doors are partially preserved. Upon one of
these lintels is a Greek inscription, importing that it was the sepulchre of
Hermeius, son of Archibius. He had not, however, been interred after the
Egyptian fashion, since his tomb contained the deposit of calcined bones.
Vestiges also are found in two broad paved causeways of the two main streets
of Athribis, which crossed each other at right angles, and probably divided
the town into four main quarters. The causeways and the ruins generally
indicate that the town was greatly enlarged and beautified under the
Ptolemies.

Wikipedia®

Born abt 60 BCE & died 34 BCE in Egypt

Born abt 40 BCE

1730, Delegation to King George II
Signer of the March 1775, Henderson's Treaty, Sycamore Shoals which enrag ed
his son Dragging Canoe leading to a separation of the Chickamauga's fr om the
Cherokee Nation and a 20 year war with the United States.

Noted Cherokee chief, recognized by the British government as the head chi ef
or "emperor" of the Nation, about 1760 and later, and commonly kno wn to the
whites as the Little Carpenter. The name is frequently spelled A
ttakullakulla, Atakullakulla or Ataculculla. It may be rendered "Leaning w
ood," from ata’, "Wood" and gul kalu, a verb implying that something lo ng is
leaning, without sufficient support, against some other object; it h as no
first person form.